Entanglement in finite quantum systems under twisted boundary conditions

TL;DR

This paper investigates how twisted boundary conditions affect entanglement and ground-state properties in finite Hubbard chains, revealing faster convergence to the thermodynamic limit and analytical insights for small systems.

Contribution

It extends previous work by analyzing entanglement and ground-state energy dependence on boundary conditions in finite Hubbard models, including analytical results for small systems.

Findings

Entanglement and ground-state energy depend on boundary twist and coupling.

Adjusting torsion $ heta^*$ improves convergence to the thermodynamic limit.

Analytical results obtained for a three-site Hubbard system.

Abstract

In a recent publication, we have discussed the effects of boundary conditions in finite quantum systems and their connection with symmetries. Focusing on the one-dimensional Hubbard Hamiltonian under twisted boundary conditions, we have shown that properties, such as the ground-state and gap energies, converge faster to the thermodynamical limit ($L \rightarrow \infty$) if a special torsion $\Theta^*$ is adjusted to ensure particle-hole symmetry. Complementary to the previous research, the present paper extends our analysis to a key quantity for understanding correlations in many-body systems: the entanglement. Specifically, we investigate the average single-site entanglement $\langle S_j \rangle$ as a function of the coupling $U/t$ in Hubbard chains with up to $L=8$ sites and further examine the dependence of the per-site ground-state $\epsilon_0$ on the torsion $\Theta$ in different coupling regimes. We discuss the scaling of $\epsilon_0$ and $\langle S_j \rangle$ under $\Theta^*$ and analyse their convergence to Bethe Ansatz solution of the infinite Hubbard Hamiltonian. Additionally, we describe the exact diagonalization procedure used in our numerical calculations and show analytical calculations for the case-study of a trimer.