Could a Hexagonal Sunspot Have Been Observed During the Maunder Minimum?

TL;DR

This paper presents a historical sunspot observation with a hexagonal shape during the Maunder Minimum, challenging previous assumptions about sunspot shapes and supporting the idea of accurate 17th-century solar observations.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of a unique hexagonal sunspot observed by Cassini, demonstrating high-quality observations during the Maunder Minimum and questioning prior claims about sunspot shapes.

Findings

Cassini's observation shows high-quality data from the 17th century.

The hexagonal sunspot challenges the idea that only round sunspots were recorded.

Historical observations can inform understanding of solar activity during the Maunder Minimum.

Abstract

The Maunder Minimum was the period between 1645 and 1715 whose main characteristic was abnormally low and prolonged solar activity. However, some authors have doubted this low level of solar activity during that period by questioning the accuracy and objectivity of the observers. This work presents a particular case of a sunspot observed during the Maunder Minimum with an unusual shape of its umbra and penumbra: a hexagon. This sunspot was observed by Cassini in November 1676, just at the core of the Maunder Minimum. This historical observation is compared with a twin case that occurred recently in May 2016. The conclusion reached is that Cassini's record is another example of the good quality observations made during the Maunder Minimum, showing the meticulousness of the astronomers of that epoch. This sunspot observation made by Cassini does not support the conclusions of Zolotova and Ponyavin (Astrophys. J. 800, 42, 2015) that professional astronomers in the 17th century only registered round sunspots. Finally, a discussion is given of the importance of this kind of unusual sunspot record for a better assessment of the true level of solar activity in the Maunder Minimum.