Turing-Hopf bifurcation and spatiotemporal patterns in a ratio-dependent diffusive Holling-Tanner system with time delay

TL;DR

This paper investigates complex spatiotemporal patterns arising from Turing-Hopf bifurcations in a delayed diffusive Holling-Tanner model, revealing coexistence of various patterns and new bifurcation phenomena.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive bifurcation analysis including Turing-Hopf bifurcation, Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation, and the existence of diverse self-organized patterns in a delayed ecological model.

Findings

Existence of stripe and spot patterns coexisting.

Identification of Turing-Turing-Hopf patterns with subharmonic phenomena.

Theoretical explanation of complex spatiotemporal pattern coexistence.

Abstract

The Turing-Hopf type spatiotemporal patterns in a diffusive Holling-Tanner model with discrete time delay is considered. A global Turing bifurcation theorem for $\tau=0$ and a local Turing bifurcation theorem for $\tau>0$ are given by the method of eigenvalue analysis and prior estimation. Further considering the degenerated situation, the existence of Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation and Turing-Hopf bifurcation are obtained. The normal form method is used to study the explicit dynamics near the Turing-Hopf singularity, and we establish the existence of various self-organized spatiotemporal patterns, such as two non-constant steady states (stripe patterns) coexist and two spatially inhomogeneous periodic solutions (spot patterns) coexist. Moreover, the Turing-Turing-Hopf type spatiotemporal patterns, that is a subharmonic phenomenon with two spatial wave numbers and one temporal frequency, are also found and theoretically explained, when there is another Turing bifurcation curve which is relatively closed to the studied one.