# Turbulent channel flow perturbed by triangular ripples

## TL;DR

This experimental study investigates how two-dimensional triangular ripples affect turbulent flow in a closed conduit, revealing detailed shear stress distributions and flow behaviors that influence bed stability.

## Contribution

It provides new experimental data on turbulent flow perturbations caused by triangular ripples, comparing single and multiple ripple configurations with detailed shear stress analysis.

## Key findings

- Shear stress increases at the leading edge of ripples
- Shear stress decreases toward the crest for upstream ripples
- Downstream ripples show a monotonic decrease in shear stress

## Abstract

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the perturbation of a turbulent closed-conduit flow by two-dimensional triangular ripples. Two ripple configurations were employed: one single asymmetric triangular ripple, and two consecutive asymmetric triangular ripples, all of them with the same geometry. Different water flows were imposed over either one or two ripples fixed to the bottom wall of a closed conduit, and the flow field was measured by PIV (particle image velocimetry). Reynolds numbers based on the channel height were moderate, varying between 27500 and 34700. The regime was hydraulically smooth, and the blockage ratio was significant. Experimental data for this specific case remain scarce, and the physics involved has yet to be fully elucidated. Using the instantaneous flow fields, the mean velocities and fluctuations were computed, and the shear stresses over the ripples were determined. The velocities and stresses obtained in this way for the single ripple and for the pair of ripples are compared, and the surface shear stress is discussed in terms of bed stability. Our results show that for the single and upstream ripples the shear stress increases at the leading edge and decreases toward the crest, while for the downstream ripple it decreases monotonically between the reattachment point and the crest. The stress distribution over the downstream ripple, which is different from both the upstream and single ripples, is shown to sustain existing ripples over loose beds.