A new X-ray look into four old pulsars

TL;DR

This study analyzes X-ray data of four old pulsars, revealing thermal emission in one and spectral features suggesting complex magnetic fields, advancing understanding of pulsar high-energy emission mechanisms.

Contribution

First detailed X-ray spectral analysis of four old pulsars, identifying thermal and non-thermal components and potential magnetic field complexities.

Findings

Thermal emission detected in PSR B0114+58 consistent with polar cap size.

Power-law spectra dominate in three other pulsars with no clear thermal component.

Possible proton cyclotron absorption lines in PSR B1133+16 indicating multipolar magnetic fields.

Abstract

We report on the X-ray properties of four rotation-powered pulsars with characteristic ages in the range 0.3-5 Myr, derived from the analysis of XMM-Newton archival observations. We found convincing evidence of thermal emission only in the phase-averaged spectrum of PSR B0114+58, that is well fitted by a blackbody with temperature kT = $0.17 \pm 0.02$ keV and emitting radius R = $405_{-90}^{+110}$ m, consistent with the size of its polar cap. The other three considered pulsars, PSR B0628-28, PSR B0919+06 and PSR B1133+16, have phase-averaged spectra well described by single power-laws with photon index {\Gamma} ~ 3. The 3{\sigma} upper limits on the bolometric luminosity of a possible thermal component with temperature in the range ~ 0.05-2 keV are L_bol $\leq 3.2 \times 10^{28}$ erg/s and L_bol $\leq 2.4 \times 10^{29}$ erg/s, for PSR B0628-28 and PSR B0919+06, respectively. On the other hand, we found possible evidence that the pulsed emission of PSR B0628-28 is thermal. Two absorption lines at ~0.22 keV and ~0.44 keV are detected in the spectrum of PSR B1133+16. They are best interpreted as proton cyclotron features, implying the presence of multipolar components with a field of a few $10^{13}$ G at the neutron star polar caps. We discuss our results in the context of high-energy emission models of old rotation-powered pulsars.