Entangled systems are unbounded sources of nonlocal correlations and of certified random numbers

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that entangled qubit systems can generate unlimited certified random numbers through sequential measurements, surpassing previous limitations, by exploiting Bell inequality violations.

Contribution

It introduces a method to produce arbitrary amounts of certified randomness from entangled qubits via sequential measurements, even with weak entanglement.

Findings

Unlimited certified randomness can be obtained from entangled qubits.

Sequential measurements can generate nonlocal correlations beyond standard single-measurement scenarios.

Near-maximal Bell inequality violations certify the randomness in the measurement sequence.

Abstract

The outcomes of local measurements made on entangled systems can be certified to be random provided that the generated statistics violate a Bell inequality. This way of producing randomness relies only on a minimal set of assumptions because it is independent of the internal functioning of the devices generating the random outcomes. In this context it is crucial to understand both qualitatively and quantitatively how the three fundamental quantities -- entanglement, non-locality and randomness -- relate to each other. To explore these relationships, we consider the case where repeated (non projective) measurements are made on the physical systems, each measurement being made on the post-measurement state of the previous measurement. In this work, we focus on the following questions: For systems in a given entangled state, how many nonlocal correlations in a sequence can we obtain by measuring them repeatedly? And from this generated sequence of non-local correlations, how many random numbers is it possible to certify? In the standard scenario with a single measurement in the sequence, it is possible to generate non-local correlations between two distant observers only and the amount of random numbers is very limited. Here we show that we can overcome these limitations and obtain any amount of certified random numbers from an entangled pair of qubit in a pure state by making sequences of measurements on it. Moreover, the state can be arbitrarily weakly entangled. In addition, this certification is achieved by near-maximal violation of a particular Bell inequality for each measurement in the sequence. We also present numerical results giving insight on the resistance to imperfections and on the importance of the strength of the measurements in our scheme.