Beam energy and system dependence of rapidity-even dipolar flow

TL;DR

This paper reports measurements of rapidity-even dipolar flow across various collision systems and energies, revealing dependencies that support hydrodynamic models and help constrain initial-state theories and viscosity estimates.

Contribution

It provides new experimental data on v^{even}_{1} in multiple collision systems and energies, aiding the understanding of initial-state effects and hydrodynamic behavior.

Findings

v^{even}_{1} depends on p_T, centrality, system, and energy

Results support hydrodynamic expansion models

Data can constrain initial-state models and viscosity estimates

Abstract

New measurements of rapidity-even dipolar flow, v$^{even}_{1}$, are presented for several transverse momenta, $p_T$, and centrality intervals in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}~=~200,~39$ and $19.6$ GeV, U+U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}~=~193$ GeV, and Cu+Au, Cu+Cu, d+Au and p+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}~=~200$~GeV. The v$^{even}_{1}$ shows characteristic dependencies on $p_{T}$, centrality, collision system and $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$, consistent with the expectation from a hydrodynamic-like expansion to the dipolar fluctuation in the initial state. These measurements could serve as constraints to distinguish between different initial-state models, and aid a more reliable extraction of the specific viscosity $\eta/s$.