Kepler K2 observations of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038

TL;DR

This study presents continuous Kepler observations of the transitional millisecond pulsar PSR J1023+0038, revealing stable orbital modulation, flickering, and flaring activity, with insights into accretion disc dynamics and heating mechanisms across different states.

Contribution

First detailed Kepler light curve analysis of PSR J1023+0038 in its accreting state, highlighting persistent orbital modulation and flaring behavior linked to accretion processes.

Findings

Orbital modulation amplitude and asymmetry remain consistent across states.

Detected flickering activity and rapid mode-switching on short timescales.

Flaring activity suggests a self-organised criticality mechanism in the accretion disc.

Abstract

For 80 days in 2017, the Kepler Space Telescope continuously observed the transitional millisecond pulsar system PSR J1023+0038 in its accreting state. We present analyses of the 59 second cadence data, focusing on investigations of the orbital light curve of the irradiated companion star, and of flaring activity in the neutron star's accretion disc. The underlying orbital modulation from the companion star retains a similar amplitude and asymmetric heating profile as seen in previous photometric observations of the system in its radio pulsar state, suggesting that the heating mechanism has not been affected by the state change. We also find tentative evidence that this asymmetry may vary with time. The light curve also exhibits "flickering" activity, evident as short time-scale flux correlations throughout the observations, and periods of rapid mode-switching activity on time scales shorter than the observation cadence. Finally, the system spent 20% of the observations in a flaring state, with the length of these flares varying from 2 minutes up to several hours. The flaring behaviour is consistent with a self-organised criticality mechanism, most likely related to the build up and release of mass at the inner edge of the accretion disc.