On the Reynolds time-averaged equations and the long-time behavior of Leray-Hopf weak solutions, with applications to ensemble averages

TL;DR

This paper investigates the long-time behavior of Leray-Hopf weak solutions to the 3D Navier-Stokes equations, establishing their Reynolds averages and analyzing the effects of ensemble fluctuations on turbulence dissipation.

Contribution

It characterizes the long-time averages of weak solutions as Reynolds-averaged equations and analyzes the dissipative effects of ensemble fluctuations without extra assumptions.

Findings

Long-time averages satisfy Reynolds equations with Reynolds stress.

Turbulent dissipation is bounded by Reynolds stress work and external fluxes.

Ensemble fluctuations continue to dissipate energy in the mean flow.

Abstract

We consider the three dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with non stationary source terms f chosen in a suitable space. We prove the existence of Leray-Hopf weak solutions and that it is possible to characterize (up to sub-sequences) their long-time averages, which satisfy the Reynolds averaged equations, involving a Reynolds stress. Moreover, we show that the turbulent dissipation is bounded by the sum of the Reynolds stress work and of the external turbulent fluxes, without any additional assumption, than that of dealing with Leray-Hopf weak solutions. Finally, in the last section we consider ensemble averages of solutions, associated to a set of different forces and we prove that the fluctuations continue to have a dissipative effect on the mean flow.