Toll number of the strong product of graphs

TL;DR

This paper studies the toll number in the strong product of graphs, providing characterizations for specific toll numbers and analyzing properties like toll convexity and extreme vertices in this context.

Contribution

It characterizes graphs with toll numbers 2 and 3 in strong product graphs and shows that the toll hull number is always 2 for non-complete graphs, also analyzing extreme vertices.

Findings

Toll intervals in strong product graphs are described.

Graphs with toll number 2 or 3 in strong products are characterized.

Toll hull number is 2 for non-complete graphs in strong products.

Abstract

A tolled walk $T$ between two non-adjacent vertices $u$ and $v$ in a graph $G$ is a walk, in which $u$ is adjacent only to the second vertex of $T$ and $v$ is adjacent only to the second-to-last vertex of $T$. A toll interval between $u,v\in V(G)$ is a set $T_G(u,v)=\{x\in V(G)~|~x \textrm{ lies on a tolled walk between } u \textrm{\, and\,} v\}$. A set $S \subseteq V(G)$ is toll convex, if $T_{G}(u,v)\subseteq S$ for all $u,v\in S$. A toll closure of a set $S \subseteq V(G)$ is the union of toll intervals between all pairs of vertices from $S$. The size of a smallest set $S$ whose toll closure is the whole vertex set is called a toll number of a graph $G$, $tn(G)$. This paper investigates the toll number of the strong product of graphs. First, a description of toll intervals between two vertices in the strong product graphs is given. Using this result we characterize graphs with $tn(G \boxtimes H)=2$ and graphs with $tn(G \boxtimes H)=3$, which are the only two possibilities. As an addition, for the t-hull number of $G\boxtimes H $ we show that $th(G \boxtimes H) = 2$ for any non complete graphs $G$ and $H$. As extreme vertices play an important role in different convexity types, we show that no vertex of the strong product graph of two non complete graphs is an extreme vertex with respect to the toll convexity.