Epimorphisms, definability and cardinalities

TL;DR

This paper characterizes the ranges of epimorphisms in classes of first-order structures, strengthening existing theorems, and links epimorphism surjectivity with definability properties in logical systems.

Contribution

It generalizes a theorem of Campercholi, extends Isbell's results, and introduces bridge theorems connecting epimorphism surjectivity with logical definability without assuming a proper class of variables.

Findings

Characterization of epimorphism ranges in non-elementary classes

Conditions under which all epimorphisms are surjective in prevarieties

Bridge theorems linking epimorphism surjectivity to infinitary definability

Abstract

Generalizing a theorem of Campercholi, we characterize, in syntactic terms, the ranges of epimorphisms in an arbitrary class of similar first-order structures (as opposed to an elementary class). This allows us to strengthen a result of Isbell, as follows: in any prevariety having at most s non-logical symbols and an axiomatization requiring at most m variables, if the epimorphisms into structures with at most m + s + aleph0 elements are surjective, then so are all of the epimorphisms. Using these facts, we formulate and prove manageable "bridge theorems", matching the surjectivity of all epimorphisms in the algebraic counterpart of a logic L with suitable infinitary definability properties of L, while not making the standard but awkward assumption that L comes furnished with a proper class of variables.