Empirical Explorations in Training Networks with Discrete Activations

TL;DR

This paper explores training deep networks with units that emit a fixed, small set of discrete values, demonstrating minimal performance loss and highlighting benefits for deployment in resource-constrained environments.

Contribution

It introduces a simple, deterministic discretization method for activations that maintains performance across various tasks, unlike previous stochastic or binary-focused approaches.

Findings

Discretized units with 64-256 levels perform comparably to continuous activations.

Minimal performance degradation observed across classification, regression, memorization, and compression tasks.

Method is conceptually simple, deterministic, and consistent across training and testing phases.

Abstract

We present extensive experiments training and testing hidden units in deep networks that emit only a predefined, static, number of discretized values. These units provide benefits in real-world deployment in systems in which memory and/or computation may be limited. Additionally, they are particularly well suited for use in large recurrent network models that require the maintenance of large amounts of internal state in memory. Surprisingly, we find that despite reducing the number of values that can be represented in the output activations from $2^{32}-2^{64}$ to between 64 and 256, there is little to no degradation in network performance across a variety of different settings. We investigate simple classification and regression tasks, as well as memorization and compression problems. We compare the results with more standard activations, such as tanh and relu. Unlike previous discretization studies which often concentrate only on binary units, we examine the effects of varying the number of allowed activation levels. Compared to existing approaches for discretization, the approach presented here is both conceptually and programatically simple, has no stochastic component, and allows the training, testing, and usage phases to be treated in exactly the same manner.