Local Sensing with the Multi-Level AC Stark Effect

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a method using a multi-level superconducting qubit to detect weak microwave signals by analyzing the AC Stark shifts, enabling energy and power measurements over a broad frequency range.

Contribution

The work introduces a novel sensing technique utilizing multi-level quantum systems to measure unknown microwave signals through AC Stark shifts, extending detection capabilities beyond traditional qubits.

Findings

Achieved energy sensitivity of about 10^{-3}

Observed AC Stark shifts involving up to three energy levels

Developed a power meter for microwave transmission characterization

Abstract

Analyzing weak microwave signals in the GHz regime is a challenging task if the signal level is very low and the photon energy widely undefined. A superconducting qubit can detect signals in the low photon regime, but due to its discrete level structure, it is only sensitive to photons of certain energies. With a multi-level quantum system (qudit) in contrast, the unknown signal frequency and amplitude can be deduced from the higher level AC Stark shift. The measurement accuracy is given by the signal amplitude, its detuning from the discrete qudit energy level structure and the anharmonicity. We demonstrate an energy sensitivity in the order of $10^{-3}$ with a measurement range of more than $1\,\mathrm{GHz}$. Here, using a transmon qubit, we experimentally observe shifts in the transition frequencies involving up to three excited levels. These shifts are in good agreement with an analytic circuit model and master equation simulations. For large detunings, we find the shifts to scale linearly with the power of the applied microwave drive. Exploiting the effect, we demonstrated a power meter which makes it possible to characterize the microwave transmission from source to sample.