Solvophobic and solvophilic contributions in the water-to-aqueous guanidinium chloride transfer free energy of model peptides

TL;DR

This study dissects the solvation free energy of peptides in water and guanidinium chloride, revealing how different contributions influence peptide conformations and highlighting the significance of long-range interactions in protein chemistry.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed decomposition of solvation free energy into solvophobic and solvophilic parts, including novel insights into the limitations of surface area-based assessments in mixed solvents.

Findings

GdmCl's cavity contribution does not scale with surface area in water.

Long-range dispersion interactions favor extended peptide conformations in GdmCl.

Solvation energetics in mixed solvents cannot be fully captured by simple surface area models.

Abstract

We study the solvation free energy of two different conformations (helix and extended) of two different peptides (deca-alanine and deca-glycine) in two different solvents (water and aqueous guanidinium chloride, GdmCl). The free energies are obtained using the quasichemical organization of the potential distribution theorem, an approach that naturally provides the repulsive (solvophobic or cavity) and attractive (solvophilic) contributions to solvation. The solvophilic contribution is further parsed into a chemistry contribution arising from solute interaction with the solvent in the first solvation shell and a long-range contribution arising from non-specific interactions between the solute and the solvent beyond the first solvation shell. The cavity contribution is obtained for two different envelopes, $\Sigma_{SE}$ which theory identifies as the solvent excluded volume and a larger envelope ($\Sigma_G$) beyond which solute-solvent interactions are Gaussian. For both envelopes, the cavity contribution in water is proportional to the surface area of the envelope. The same does not hold for GdmCl(aq), revealing limitations of using molecular area to assess solvation energetics, especially in mixed solvents. The $\Sigma_G$-cavity contribution predicts that GdmCl(aq) should favor the more compact state, contrary to the role of GdmCl in unfolding proteins. The chemistry contribution attenuates this effect, but still the net local (chemistry plus $\Sigma_G$-packing) contribution is inadequate in capturing the role of GdmCl. With the inclusion of the long-range contribution, which is dominated by van~der~Waals interaction, aqueous GdmCl favors the extended conformation over the compact conformation. Our finding emphasizes the importance of weak, but attractive, long-range dispersion interactions in protein solution thermodynamics.