Robust inference with knockoffs

TL;DR

This paper extends the model-X knockoffs framework for variable selection by analyzing its robustness when the feature distribution is estimated rather than known exactly, showing that false discovery rate inflation is proportional to estimation errors.

Contribution

It provides theoretical guarantees on the robustness of knockoffs when the feature distribution is estimated, not known exactly, broadening practical applicability.

Findings

False discovery rate inflation is proportional to distribution estimation errors.

The method remains effective in high-dimensional settings.

Applicable to genome-wide association studies with estimated feature distributions.

Abstract

We consider the variable selection problem, which seeks to identify important variables influencing a response $Y$ out of many candidate features $X_1, \ldots, X_p$. We wish to do so while offering finite-sample guarantees about the fraction of false positives - selected variables $X_j$ that in fact have no effect on $Y$ after the other features are known. When the number of features $p$ is large (perhaps even larger than the sample size $n$), and we have no prior knowledge regarding the type of dependence between $Y$ and $X$, the model-X knockoffs framework nonetheless allows us to select a model with a guaranteed bound on the false discovery rate, as long as the distribution of the feature vector $X=(X_1,\dots,X_p)$ is exactly known. This model selection procedure operates by constructing "knockoff copies'" of each of the $p$ features, which are then used as a control group to ensure that the model selection algorithm is not choosing too many irrelevant features. In this work, we study the practical setting where the distribution of $X$ could only be estimated, rather than known exactly, and the knockoff copies of the $X_j$'s are therefore constructed somewhat incorrectly. Our results, which are free of any modeling assumption whatsoever, show that the resulting model selection procedure incurs an inflation of the false discovery rate that is proportional to our errors in estimating the distribution of each feature $X_j$ conditional on the remaining features $\{X_k:k\neq j\}$. The model-X knockoff framework is therefore robust to errors in the underlying assumptions on the distribution of $X$, making it an effective method for many practical applications, such as genome-wide association studies, where the underlying distribution on the features $X_1,\dots,X_p$ is estimated accurately but not known exactly.