Full-disc $^{13}$CO(1-0) mapping across nearby galaxies of the EMPIRE survey and the CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor

TL;DR

This study presents new $^{13}$CO(1-0) observations across nine nearby galaxy discs, analyzing the $^{12}$CO-to-$^{13}$CO ratio and CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor to better understand molecular gas properties and their variation within galaxies.

Contribution

It provides the first comprehensive $^{13}$CO(1-0) mapping of entire galaxy discs and investigates the spatial variation of the CO isotopologue ratio and conversion factor.

Findings

$^{12}$CO-to-$^{13}$CO ratio varies by a factor of 2 within and among galaxies.

The average $^{13}$CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor is $1.0 imes 10^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$ (K km/s)$^{-1}$.

$^{13}$CO(1-0) is less effective as a bulk molecular gas tracer in galaxy discs but better in galaxy centers.

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO) provides crucial information about the molecular gas properties of galaxies. While $^{12}$CO has been targeted extensively, isotopologues such as $^{13}$CO have the advantage of being less optically thick and observations have recently become accessible across full galaxy discs. We present a comprehensive new dataset of $^{13}$CO(1-0) observations with the IRAM 30-m telescope of the full discs of 9 nearby spiral galaxies from the EMPIRE survey at a spatial resolution of $\sim$1.5kpc. $^{13}$CO(1-0) is mapped out to $0.7-1r_{25}$ and detected at high signal-to-noise throughout our maps. We analyse the $^{12}$CO(1-0)-to-$^{13}$CO(1-0) ratio ($\Re$) as a function of galactocentric radius and other parameters such as the $^{12}$CO(2-1)-to-$^{12}$CO(1-0) intensity ratio, the 70-to-160$\mu$m flux density ratio, the star-formation rate surface density, the star-formation efficiency, and the CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor. We find that $\Re$ varies by a factor of 2 at most within and amongst galaxies, with a median value of 11 and larger variations in the galaxy centres than in the discs. We argue that optical depth effects, most likely due to changes in the mixture of diffuse/dense gas, are favored explanations for the observed $\Re$ variations, while abundance changes may also be at play. We calculate a spatially-resolved $^{13}$CO(1-0)-to-H$_2$ conversion factor and find an average value of $1.0\times10^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$ (K.km/s)$^{-1}$ over our sample with a standard deviation of a factor of 2. We find that $^{13}$CO(1-0) does not appear to be a good predictor of the bulk molecular gas mass in normal galaxy discs due to the presence of a large diffuse phase, but it may be a better tracer of the mass than $^{12}$CO(1-0) in the galaxy centres where the fraction of dense gas is larger.