From Eliza to XiaoIce: Challenges and Opportunities with Social Chatbots

TL;DR

This paper reviews the evolution of social chatbots from Eliza to XiaoIce, emphasizing their technological advancements, emotional engagement, and design challenges to enhance user interaction and societal impact.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of social chatbot development, highlighting key technologies and proposing design considerations for emotional and user engagement.

Findings

XiaoIce can recognize and respond to user emotions dynamically.

Social chatbots aim to maximize conversation-turns per session (CPS).

Designing empathetic chatbots is crucial for widespread adoption.

Abstract

Conversational systems have come a long way since their inception in the 1960s. After decades of research and development, we've seen progress from Eliza and Parry in the 60's and 70's, to task-completion systems as in the DARPA Communicator program in the 2000s, to intelligent personal assistants such as Siri in the 2010s, to today's social chatbots like XiaoIce. Social chatbots' appeal lies not only in their ability to respond to users' diverse requests, but also in being able to establish an emotional connection with users. The latter is done by satisfying users' need for communication, affection, as well as social belonging. To further the advancement and adoption of social chatbots, their design must focus on user engagement and take both intellectual quotient (IQ) and emotional quotient (EQ) into account. Users should want to engage with a social chatbot; as such, we define the success metric for social chatbots as conversation-turns per session (CPS). Using XiaoIce as an illustrative example, we discuss key technologies in building social chatbots from core chat to visual awareness to skills. We also show how XiaoIce can dynamically recognize emotion and engage the user throughout long conversations with appropriate interpersonal responses. As we become the first generation of humans ever living with AI, we have a responsibility to design social chatbots to be both useful and empathetic, so they will become ubiquitous and help society as a whole.