Is there a need for dark matter in galaxies?

TL;DR

This paper argues that galaxies and clusters are open systems influenced by external interactions, challenging the necessity of dark matter to explain their dynamics, especially in outer regions.

Contribution

It proposes that the non-virialized state of galaxies and clusters questions the conventional dark matter interpretation of rotation curves and velocity dispersions.

Findings

Galaxies are open systems interacting with intergalactic medium.

High velocities in outer regions may not imply dark matter presence.

Clusters' high velocities and temperatures can result from ongoing accretion.

Abstract

We present arguments indicating that galaxies and their clusters should be considered as open developing systems. Galaxies interact with the intergalactic medium and are not in a virial equilibrium (which is determined by the gravity and rotation). In this case, the conventional interpretation of the rotation curves of galaxy outer regions outside the visible stellar disk (i.e. the presence of high mass dark matter haloes) may be erroneous. If there is an accretion of the intergalactic medium in these regions, then the orbital velocities of neutral hydrogen clouds are determined not only by the gravitation of the mass inside their orbits. Galaxy clusters accrete the material (intergalactic gas and galaxies) from filaments of the large-scale structure, at the intersections of which they are located. Only their central regions can approach the virial equilibrium. Therefore, the high velocities of galaxies and the high temperatures of the intergalactic gas in a cluster do not necessarily indicate the presence of a large mass of dark matter in the cluster.