Bound states in the continuum in a two-dimensional PT-symmetric system

TL;DR

This paper investigates bound states in the continuum within a 2D PT-symmetric waveguide system, revealing how their properties depend on the orientation of gain and loss regions, with implications for experimental excitation and beam dynamics.

Contribution

It introduces a novel 2D PT-symmetric waveguide system supporting BICs whose characteristics depend on the energy flow direction, highlighting new mechanisms for BIC formation.

Findings

Narrow BICs emerge when the energy flow is perpendicular to the waveguide chain.

Symmetry breaking occurs at small gain/loss strengths when flow is parallel.

All identified BICs are the most rapidly growing modes, suitable for experimental excitation.

Abstract

We address a two-dimensional parity-time (PT)-symmetric structure built as a chain of waveguides, where all waveguides except for the central one are conservative, while the central one is divided into two halves with gain and losses. We show that such a system admits bound states in the continuum (BICs) whose properties vary drastically with the orientation of the line separating amplifying and absorbing domains, which sets the direction of internal energy flow. When the flow is perpendicular to the chain of the waveguides, narrow BICs emerge when the standard defect mode, which is initially located in the finite gap, collides with another mode in a standard symmetry breaking scenario and its propagation constant enters the continuous spectrum upon increase of the strength of gain/losses. In contrast, when the energy flow is parallel to the chain of the waveguides, the symmetry gets broken even for a small strength of the gain/losses. In that case, the most rapidly growing mode emerges inside the continuous spectrum and realizes a weakly localized BIC. All BICs found here are the most rapidly growing modes, therefore they can be excited from noisy inputs and, importantly, should dominate the beam dynamics in experiments.