The Horizon Energy of a Black Hole

TL;DR

This paper explores the energy distribution of black holes using a quasi-local approach, revealing that the horizon mass is twice the irreducible mass and that electrostatic and rotational energies are external, impacting black hole paradoxes.

Contribution

It introduces the Horizon Mass Theorem, showing the horizon mass is twice the irreducible mass and externalizes electrostatic and rotational energies, offering insights into black hole paradoxes.

Findings

Horizon mass equals twice the irreducible mass.

Electrostatic and rotational energies are external quantities.

Results may resolve black hole entropy and information paradoxes.

Abstract

We investigate the energy distribution of a black hole in various spacetimes as reckoned by a distant observer using the quasi-local energy approach. In each case the horizon mass of a black hole: neutral, charged or rotating, is found to be twice the irreducible mass observed at infinity. This is known as the Horizon Mass Theorem. As a consequence, the electrostatic energy and the rotational energy of a general black hole are all external quantities. Matter carrying charges and spins could only lie outside the horizon. This result could resolve several long-standing paradoxes related to known black hole properties; such as why entropy is proportional to area and not to volume, the information loss problem, the firewall problem, the internal structure and the thin shell model of a black hole.