Conservation of energy, density of states and spin lattice relaxation

TL;DR

This paper explains the origin of spin polarization in NMR as arising from the increased density of accessible states at higher kinetic energy when spins flip, using an equipartition-based counting argument.

Contribution

It provides a detailed mode counting argument for the excess states responsible for spin polarization, emphasizing the role of density of states and energy distribution.

Findings

Spin polarization is linked to higher density of states at increased kinetic energy.

Equipartition of energy explains the Boltzmann distribution of spin states.

The mode counting approach offers a new perspective on the origin of polarization.

Abstract

The starting point of all NMR experiments is a spin polarization which develops when we place the sample in static magnetic field $B_0$. There are excess of spins aligned along $B_0$ (spin up with lower energy) than spins aligned opposite (spin down with higher energy) to the field $B_0$. A natural question is what is the source of this excess spin polarization because relaxation mechanisms can flip a up spin to a down spin and vice-versa. The answer lies in the density of states. When a molecule with spin down flips to spin up it loses energy. This energy goes into increasing the kinetic energy of the molecule in the gas/solution phase. At this increased kinetic energy, there are more rotational-translational states accessible to the molecule than at lower energy. This increases the probability the molecule will spend in spin up state (higher kinetic energy state). This is the source of excess polarization. In this paper, we use an argument based on equipartition of energy to explicitly count the excess states that become accessible to the molecule when its spin is flipped from down to up. Using this counting, we derive the familiar Boltzmann distribution of the ratio of up vs down spins. Although prima facie, there is nothing new in this paper, we find the mode counting argument for excess states interesting. Furthermore, the paper stresses the fact that spin polarization arises from higher density of states at increased kinetic energy of molecules.