P-REx: The Piston Reconstruction Experiment for Infrared Interferometry

TL;DR

P-REx is a novel method that reconstructs atmospheric piston variations in real-time using adaptive optics data, enhancing infrared interferometry by reducing piston errors and potentially improving measurement precision.

Contribution

The paper introduces P-REx, a new piston reconstruction technique that leverages adaptive optics wavefront sensing data, demonstrated through simulations and on-sky tests, to improve interferometric stability.

Findings

Successfully reconstructed piston evolution in two-thirds of good conditions datasets.

Reduced piston variation from ~10 μm to 1-2 μm over two seconds.

Applicable to mid-infrared interferometry like MATISSE and LBTI.

Abstract

For sensitive infrared interferometry, it is crucial to control the differential piston evolution between the used telescopes. This is classically done by the use of a fringe tracker. In this work, we develop a new method to reconstruct the temporal piston variation from the atmosphere, by using real-time data from adaptive optics wavefront sensing: the Piston Reconstruction Experiment (P-REx). In order to understand the principle performance of the system in a realistic multilayer atmosphere it is first extensively tested in simulations. The gained insights are then used to apply P-REx to real data, in order to demonstrate the benefit of using P-REx as an auxiliary system in a real interferometer. All tests show positive results, which encourages further research and eventually a real implementation. Especially the tests on on-sky data showed that the atmosphere is, under decent observing conditions, sufficiently well structured and stable, in order to apply P-REx. It was possible to conveniently reconstruct the piston evolution in two-thirds of the datasets from good observing conditions (r$_0$ $\sim$ 30 cm). The main conclusion is that applying the piston reconstruction in a real system would reduce the piston variation from around 10 $\mu$m down to 1-2 $\mu$m over timescales of up to two seconds. This suggests an application for mid-infrared interferometry, for example for MATISSE at the VLTI or the LBTI. P-REx therefore provides the possibility to improve interferometric measurements without the need for more complex AO systems than already in regular use at 8m-class telescopes.