The very young resolved stellar populations around stripped-envelope supernovae

TL;DR

This study investigates the environments of stripped-envelope supernovae using Hubble data, revealing that more massive stars likely produce these supernovae and highlighting discrepancies between progenitor mass estimates and supernova observations.

Contribution

It provides new insights into the ages and spatial distributions of massive stars around these supernovae, supporting the link between progenitor mass and supernova type.

Findings

Type Ic SNe are near young, dense stellar populations.

Progenitors of these SNe are likely very massive (>30M_sun).

Higher extinction towards SN environments than previously assumed.

Abstract

The massive star origins for Type IIP supernovae (SNe) have been established through direct detection of their red supergiants progenitors in pre-explosion observations; however, there has been limited success in the detection of the progenitors of H-deficient SNe. The final fate of more massive stars, capable of undergoing a Wolf-Rayet phase, and the origins of Type Ibc SNe remains debated, including the relative importance of single massive star progenitors or lower mass stars stripped in binaries. We present an analysis of the ages and spatial distributions of massive stars around the sites of 23 stripped-envelope SNe, as observed with the Hubble Space Telescope, to probe the possible origins of the progenitors of these events. Using a Bayesian stellar populations analysis scheme, we find characteristic ages for the populations observed within $150\,\mathrm{pc}$ of the target Type IIb, Ib and Ic SNe to be $\log (t) = 7.20$, $7.05$ and $6.57$, respectively. The Type Ic SNe in the sample are nearly all observed within $100\,\mathrm{pc}$ of young, dense stellar populations. The environment around SN 2002ap is an important exception both in terms of age and spatial properties. These findings may support the hypothesis that stars with $M_{init} > 30M_{\odot}$ produce a relatively large proportion of Type Ibc SNe, and that these SN subtypes arise from progressively more massive progenitors. Significantly higher extinctions are derived towards the populations hosting these SNe than previously used in analysis of constraints from pre-explosion observations. The large initial masses inferred for the progenitors are in stark contrast with the low ejecta masses estimated from SN light curves.