Sharp concentration of the equitable chromatic number of dense random graphs

TL;DR

This paper proves that the equitable chromatic number of dense random graphs exhibits sharp concentration on a specific value, contrasting with the broader variability of the normal chromatic number, and provides explicit asymptotic bounds.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the equitable chromatic number of dense random graphs is sharply concentrated on a known value along a subsequence, revealing unexpected narrowness in its distribution.

Findings

Equitable chromatic number concentrates on a specific value for a subsequence of dense random graphs.

The equitable chromatic number is asymptotically proportional to n / (2 log_b n).

Contrasts the concentration behavior of equitable and normal chromatic numbers.

Abstract

An equitable colouring of a graph $G$ is a colouring of the vertices of $G$ so that no two adjacent vertices are coloured the same and, additionally, the colour class sizes differ by at most $1$. The equitable chromatic number $\chi_=(G)$ is the minimum number of colours required for this. We study the equitable chromatic number of the dense random graph $G(n,m)$, where $m = \left\lfloor p {n \choose 2} \right \rfloor $ and $0<p< 0.86$ is constant. It is a well-known question of Bollob\'as whether for $p=1/2$ there is a function $f(n) \rightarrow \infty$ so that for any sequence of intervals of length $f(n)$, the normal chromatic number of $G(n,m)$ lies outside the intervals with probability at least $1/2$ if $n$ is large enough. Bollob\'as proposes that this is likely to hold for $f(n) = \log n$. We show that for the \emph{equitable} chromatic number, the answer to the analogous question is negative. In fact, there is a subsequence $(n_j)_{j}$ of the integers where $\chi_=(G(n_j,m_j)) = n/j$ with high probability, i.e., $\chi_=(G(n_j,m_j))$ is concentrated on exactly one explicitly known value. This constitutes surprisingly narrow concentration since in this range the equitable chromatic number, like the normal chromatic number, is rather large in absolute value, namely asymptotically equal to $n / (2\log_b n)$ where $b=1/(1-p)$.