Droplet formation in a one-dimensional system of attractive spinless fermions

TL;DR

This paper investigates a quantum phase transition in a one-dimensional system of attractive spinless fermions, revealing droplet formation and changes in excitation spectrum, supported by exact diagonalization and analytical estimates.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed analysis of droplet formation and excitation spectrum changes in a 1D attractive fermion system, combining numerical and analytical methods.

Findings

Droplet forms when interaction exceeds a critical value.

Lower edge of excitation spectrum changes from arcs to disappearance.

Critical interaction strength matches mean-field estimate.

Abstract

A translation invariant one-dimensional system of spinless fermions with a finite-range attraction experiences a quantum phase transition to a phase-separated state. While being a conventional Luttinger liquid for a small interaction strength, spinless fermions form a droplet with the size smaller than the available one-dimensional volume when the interaction strength exceeds some critical value. A particularly remarkable signature of the droplet formation is the change in the lower edge of the many-body excitation spectrum. In the homogeneous phase, it has a Luttinger-liquid shape of periodic arcs on top of the shallow parabolic dispersion of the center-of-mass. When the interaction strength is increased, the arcs disappear completely as soon as the droplet is formed. We perform an exact diagonalization study of this system with the focus on the signatures of the quantum phase transition and the droplet properties. The one-particle and density-density correlation functions, the pressure, the sound velocity, and the droplet density are examined. The value of the critical interaction strength obtained from numerical data reasonably agrees with a simple mean-field analytical estimate. Due to the boson-fermion correspondence valid in one dimension, our results also hold for hard-core bosons with a finite-range attraction.