The dipole anisotropy of AllWISE galaxies

TL;DR

This study measures the galaxy distribution dipole using WISE data, carefully reducing contamination and clustering effects, and finds a residual dipole consistent with the CMB, highlighting the influence of large-scale structures.

Contribution

It introduces a detailed methodology for isolating the kinematic dipole in galaxy surveys and quantifies the residual clustering dipole using simulations and mock catalogues.

Findings

Residual dipole after corrections is consistent with the CMB dipole.

Less than 2.1% of Milky Way-like observers see such large bulk flows.

The residual clustering dipole corresponds to a velocity of 420 ± 213 km/s.

Abstract

We determine the dipole in the WISE galaxy catalogue. After reducing star contamination to <0.1% by rejecting sources with high apparent motion and those close to the Galactic plane, we eliminate low redshift sources to suppress the non-kinematic, clustering dipole. We remove sources within {\pm}5{\deg} of the super-galactic plane, as well as those within 1'' of 2MRS sources at redshift z < 0.03. We enforce cuts on the source angular extent to preferentially select distant ones. As we progress along these steps, the dipole converges in direction to within 5{\deg} of the CMB dipole and its magnitude also progressively reduces but stabilises at {\sim}0.012, corresponding to a velocity >1000 km/s if it is solely of kinematic origin. However, previous studies have shown that only {\sim}70% of the velocity of the Local Group as inferred from the CMB dipole is due to sources at z < 0.03. We examine the Dark Sky simulations to quantify the prevalence of such environments and find that <2.1% of Milky Way-like observers in a {\Lambda}CDM universe should observe the bulk flow (> 240 km/s extending to z > 0.03) that we do. We construct mock catalogues in the neighbourhood of such peculiar observers in order to mimic our final galaxy selection and quantify the residual clustering dipole. After subtracting this the remaining dipole is 0.0048 {\pm} 0.0022, corresponding to a velocity of 420 {\pm} 213 km/s which is consistent with the CMB. However the sources (at z > 0.03) of such a large clustering dipole remain to be identified.