Comparison of Heparin Red, Azure A and Toluidine Blue assays for direct quantification of heparins in human plasma

TL;DR

This study compares three commercial dyes for direct, sensitive quantification of heparins in human plasma, finding Heparin Red to be the most effective, especially at clinically relevant low concentrations.

Contribution

It provides a direct comparison of Heparin Red, Azure A, and Toluidine Blue assays, highlighting Heparin Red's superior sensitivity for clinical heparin measurement.

Findings

Heparin Red is at least 9 times more sensitive than traditional dyes.

Only Heparin Red reliably quantifies heparins below 1 IU/mL.

All dyes can measure 2-10 IU/mL, with Heparin Red being most sensitive.

Abstract

Heparins are are sulfated polysaccharides that have tremendous clinical importance as anticoagulant drugs. Monitoring of heparin blood levels can improve patient safety. In clinical practice, heparins are monitored indirectly by their inhibtory effect on coagulation proteases. Drawbacks of these established methods have stimulated the development of simple direct detection methods with cationic dyes that change absorbance or fluorescence upon binding of polyanionic heparin. Very few such dyes or assay kits, however, are commercially and widely available to a broad community of researchers and clinicians. This study compares the performance of three commercial dyes for the direct quantification of unfractionated heparin and the widely used low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin. Two traditional metachromatic dyes, Azure A and Toluidine Blue, and the more recently developed fluorescent dye Heparin Red were applied in a mix-and-read microplate assay to the same heparin-spiked human plasma samples. In the clinically most relevant concentration range below 1 IU (international units) per mL, only Heparin Red is a useful tool for the determination of both heparins. Heparin Red is at least 9 times more sensitive than the metachromatic dyes which can not reliably quantify the heparins in this concentration range. Unfractionated heparin levels between 2 and 10 IU per mL can be determined by all dyes, Heparin Red being the most sensitive.