The Clustering of High-Redshift (2.9 $\leq$ z $\leq$ 5.1) Quasars in SDSS Stripe 82

TL;DR

This study measures the clustering of high-redshift quasars using machine learning-selected samples in Stripe 82, revealing their bias and dark matter halo masses, and suggesting early black hole growth regulation.

Contribution

First measurement of high-$z$ quasar clustering using photometric selection with machine learning in Stripe 82, providing insights into their bias and host halo masses.

Findings

Detected quasar clustering with a power-law index of 1.39

Estimated quasar bias at $z \,=\, 3.38$ as 6.78

Derived dark matter halo masses between 1.70 and 9.83×10^{12} h^{-1} M_{\

Abstract

We present a measurement of the two-point autocorrelation function of photometrically-selected, high-$z$ quasars over $\sim$ 100 deg$^2$ on the Sloan Digitial Sky Survey Stripe 82 field. Selection is performed using three machine-learning algorithms, trained on known high-$z$ quasar colors, in a six-dimensional, optical/mid-infrared color space. Optical data from the Sloan Digitial Sky Survey is combined with overlapping deep mid-infrared data from the \emph{Spitzer} IRAC Equatorial Survey and the \emph{Spitzer}-HETDEX Exploratory Large-area survey. The selected quasar sample consists of 1378 objects and contains both spectroscopically-confirmed quasars and photometrically-selected quasar candidates. These objects span a redshift range of $2.9 \leq z \leq 5.1$ and are generally fainter than $i=20.2$; a regime which has lacked sufficient number density to perform autocorrelation function measurements of photometrically-classified quasars. We compute the angular correlation function of these data, marginally detecting quasar clustering. We fit a single power-law with an index of $\delta = 1.39 \pm 0.618$ and amplitude of $\theta_0 = 0.71 \pm 0.546$ arcmin. A dark-matter model is fit to the angular correlation function to estimate the linear bias. At the average redshift of our survey ($\langle z \rangle = 3.38$) the bias is $b = 6.78 \pm 1.79$. Using this bias, we calculate a characteristic dark-matter halo mass of 1.70--9.83$\times 10^{12}h^{-1} M_{\odot}$. Our bias estimate suggests that quasar feedback intermittently shuts down the accretion of gas onto the central super-massive black hole at early times. If confirmed, these results hint at a level of luminosity dependence in the clustering of quasars at high-$z$.