Spin and pseudospin towers of the Hubbard model on a bipartite lattice

TL;DR

This paper reviews and extends theoretical results on the Hubbard model's spin and pseudospin properties on bipartite lattices, providing a constructive proof for the attractive case and discussing open conjectures.

Contribution

It offers a constructive proof for the pseudospin of the attractive Hubbard model's ground state and discusses the challenges in proving the full spin tower conjecture.

Findings

Constructive proof of pseudospin for the attractive model's ground state.

Discussion of the spin tower structure in the half-filled case.

Analysis of open conjectures regarding the spin tower for all fillings.

Abstract

In 1989, Lieb proved two theorems about the Hubbard model. One showed that the ground state of the attractive model was a spin singlet state ($S=0$), was unique, and was positive definite. The other showed that the ground state of the repulsive model on a bipartite lattice at half-filling has a total spin given by $|(N_A-N_B)/2|$, corresponding to the difference of the number of lattice sites on the two sublattices divided by two. In the mid to late 1990's, Shen extended these proofs to show that the pseudospin of the attractive model was minimal until the electron number equaled $2N_A$ where it became fixed at $J=|(N_A-N_B)/2|$ until the filling became $2N_B$, where it became minimal again. In addition, Shen showed that a spin tower exists for the spin eigenstates for the half-filled case on a bipartite lattice. The spin tower says the minimal energy state with spin $S$ is higher in energy than the minimal energy state with spin $S-1$ until we reach the ground-state spin given above. One long standing conjecture about this model remains, namely does the attractive model have such a spin tower for all fillings, which would then imply that the repulsive model has minimal pseudopsin in its ground state. While we do not prove this last conjecture, we provide a quick review of this previous work, provide a constructive proof of the pseudospin of the attractive model ground state, and describe the challenges with proving the remaining open conjecture.