Comparison of different concurrences characterizing photon-pairs generated in the biexciton cascade in quantum dots coupled to microcavities

TL;DR

This paper compares three notions of concurrence to measure polarization entanglement in photon pairs from quantum dots in microcavities, revealing their differences and physical implications through analytic and numerical analysis.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of time-dependent, single-time, and double-time integrated concurrences, clarifying their physical meanings and differences in quantum dot photon emission.

Findings

Single-time integrated concurrence aligns with time-dependent concurrence at long times.

Double-time integrated concurrence behaves differently with fine structure splitting.

Single-time concurrence effectively captures the physical entanglement information.

Abstract

We compare three different notions of concurrence to measure the polarization entanglement of two-photon states generated by the biexciton cascade in a quantum dot embedded in a microcavity. We focus on the often-discussed situation of a dot with finite biexciton binding energy in a cavity tuned to the two-photon resonance. Apart from the time-dependent concurrence, which can be assigned to the two-photon density matrix at any point in time, we study single- and double-time integrated concurrences commonly used in the literature that are based on different quantum state reconstruction schemes. We argue that the single-time integrated concurrence can be thought of as the concurrence of photons simultaneously emitted from the cavity without resolving the common emission time, while the more widely studied double-time integrated concurrence refers to photons that are neither filtered with respect to the emission time of the first photon nor with respect to the delay time between the two emitted photons. Analytic and numerical calculations reveal that the single-time integrated concurrence indeed agrees well with the typical value of the time-dependent concurrence at long times, even in the presence of phonons. Thus, the more easily measurable single-time integrated concurrence gives access to the physical information represented by the time-dependent concurrence. However, the double-time integrated concurrence shows a different behavior with respect to changes in the exciton fine structure splitting and even displays a completely different trend when the ratio between the cavity loss rate and the fine structure splitting is varied while keeping their product constant. This implies the non-equivalence of the physical information contained in the time-dependent and single-time integrated concurrence on the one hand and the double-time integrated concurrence on the other hand.