A method of immediate detection of objects with a near-zero apparent motion in series of CCD-frames

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel statistical method using Fisher's f-criterion for detecting objects with near-zero apparent motion in CCD-series, improving detection of slow-moving solar system bodies.

Contribution

The paper presents a new detection method based on Fisher's f-criterion, enhancing the identification of near-zero motion objects in CCD-series, and demonstrates its effectiveness in automated asteroid and comet detection.

Findings

Successfully detected near-zero motion objects including comet C/2012 S1 (ISON).

Method remains effective under poor observational conditions.

Implemented as a plugin for CoLiTec software, improving automated detection capabilities.

Abstract

The paper deals with a computational method for detection of the solar system minor bodies (SSOs), whose inter-frame shifts in series of CCD-frames during the observation are commensurate with the errors in measuring their positions. These objects have velocities of apparent motion between CCD-frames not exceeding three RMS errors ($3\sigma$) of measurements of their positions. About 15\% of objects have a near-zero apparent motion in CCD-frames, including the objects beyond the Jupiter's orbit as well as the asteroids heading straight to the Earth. The proposed method for detection of the object's near-zero apparent motion in series of CCD-frames is based on the Fisher f-criterion instead of using the traditional decision rules that are based on the maximum likelihood criterion. We analyzed the quality indicators of detection of the object's near-zero apparent motion applying statistical and in situ modeling techniques in terms of the conditional probability of the true detection of objects with a near-zero apparent motion. The efficiency of method being implemented as a plugin for the Collection Light Technology (CoLiTec) software for automated asteroids and comets detection has been demonstrated. Among the objects discovered with this plugin, there was the sungrazing comet C/2012 S1 (ISON). Within 26 minutes of the observation, the comet's image has been moved by three pixels in a series of four CCD-frames (the velocity of its apparent motion at the moment of discovery was equal to 0.8 pixels per CCD-frame; the image size on the frame was about five pixels). Next verification in observations of asteroids with a near-zero apparent motion conducted with small telescopes has confirmed an efficiency of the method even in bad conditions (strong backlight from the full Moon). So, we recommend applying the proposed method for series of observations with four or more frames.