Nanoscale correlated disorder in out-of-equilibrium myelin ultrastructure

TL;DR

This study investigates nanoscale structural fluctuations in myelin sheaths, revealing how out-of-equilibrium states exhibit correlated disorder that transitions to Gaussian as they approach equilibrium or degrade, using advanced X-ray diffraction techniques.

Contribution

It introduces a non-invasive X-ray diffraction method to analyze nanoscale fluctuations in myelin, revealing state-dependent disorder characteristics and degradation mechanisms.

Findings

Myelin exhibits large anti-correlated nanoscale fluctuations stabilized by its ultrastructure.

Out-of-equilibrium myelin shows Levy-distributed correlated disorder.

Approaching equilibrium, disorder becomes Gaussian; in denatured states, it becomes fully disordered.

Abstract

Ultrastructural fluctuations at nanoscale are fundamental to assess properties and functionalities of advanced out-of-equilibrium materials. We have taken myelin as a model of supramolecular assembly in out-of-equilibrium living matter. Myelin sheath is a simple stable multi-lamellar structure of high relevance and impact in biomedicine. Although it is known that myelin has a quasi-crystalline ultrastructure there is no information on its fluctuations at nanoscale in different states due to limitations of the available standard techniques. To overcome these limitations, we have used Scanning micro X-ray Diffraction, which is a non-invasive probe of both reciprocal and real space to visualize statistical fluctuations of myelin order of the sciatic nerve of Xenopus Laevis. The results show that the ultrastructure period of the myelin is stabilized by large anti-correlated fluctuations at nanoscale, between hydrophobic and hydrophilic layers. The ratio between the total thickness of hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers defines the conformational parameter, which describes the different states of myelin. Our key result is that myelin in its out-of-equilibrium functional state fluctuates point-to-point between different conformations showing a correlated disorder described by a Levy distribution. As the system approaches the thermodynamic equilibrium in an aged state the disorder loses its correlation degree and the structural fluctuation distribution changes to Gaussian. In a denatured state at low pH, it changes to a completely disordered stage. Our results clarify also the degradation mechanism in biological systems by associating these states with variation of the ultrastructural dynamic fluctuations at nanoscale.