The hierarchical Green function approach to the two-dimensional Hubbard model

TL;DR

This paper introduces a hierarchical Green function approach with multipe-site correlations to analyze the 2D Hubbard model, revealing novel states and collective modes consistent with cuprate superconductor observations.

Contribution

It develops a new hierarchical Green function method incorporating multipe-site correlations for the 2D Hubbard model analysis.

Findings

Discovery of novel states between Hubbard bands proportional to doping

Emergence of collective modes related to charge/spin density waves

Spectral features consistent with cuprate superconductor experiments

Abstract

By introducing multipe-site correlation functions, we propose a hierarchical Green function approach, and apply it to study the characteristic properties of a 2D square lattice Hubbard model by solving the equation of motions of a one-particle Green function and related multipe-site correlation functions. Under a cut-off approximation and taking the Fourier representation of multipe-site correlation functions, we obtain an analytical expression of one-particle Green function with static correlation functions. Then we calculate the spectral density function of electrons, and obtain that besides two main peaks corresponding to the lower and upper Hubbard bands in the spectral density function, there emerge some novel states between these two main peaks, and the total spectral weight of these emerged states is proportional to the hole doping concentration . Meanwhile, there also emerge some collective modes related to possible charge/spin density wave and/or electronic pairing density wave ordering states. This calculation is completely consistent with the spectroscopy observations of the cuprate superconductors in normal states. On the other hand, the appearence of the static correlation functions in the one-particle Green function can be used to describe the intertwined orders observed in the normal state of the cuprate superconductors.