Toward Ultimate Control of Terahertz Wave Absorption in Graphene

TL;DR

This paper presents a circuit model demonstrating that perfect, electrically tunable terahertz absorption in graphene is achievable across a wide range of mobilities, including low-mobility devices, enabling highly efficient tunable absorbers.

Contribution

It introduces a systematic design approach and analytical model that enable perfect, tunable terahertz absorption in graphene regardless of its mobility, expanding the potential for practical optoelectronic devices.

Findings

Achieves near 100% modulation efficiency in low-mobility graphene devices.

Demonstrates perfect absorption with tunability across a wide mobility range.

Provides a generalized design strategy applicable to other 2D materials.

Abstract

It is commonly believed that weak light-matter interactions in low-mobility graphene dramatically limits tunability of graphene-based optoelectronic devices, such as tunable absorbers or switches. In this paper, we develop and use a simple circuit model to understand absorption in graphene sheets. In particular, we show that light interacts weakly also with very high-mobility graphene sheets and propose systematic design means to overcome these problems. The results have allowed us to demonstrate in the terahertz band that perfect absorption with excellent electrical tunability can be achieved within a wide span of mobility values which almost covers the whole range of ever reported room-temperature mobilities. Remarkably, concentrating on the most practical low-mobility graphene devices, we exemplify our theory with two cases: frequency-tunable and switchable absorbers with near 100% modulation efficiencies. Our work provides systematic and instructive insights into the design of highly tunable absorbers, without restrictions on graphene mobility. The design strategy and the developed analytical model can, in principle, be generalized to other wavelength regions from microwave to mid-infrared range, and other two-dimensional materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and black phosphorus.