Dark state optical lattice with sub-wavelength spatial structure

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates an experimental optical lattice with sub-wavelength features using nonlinear effects in laser-dressed dark states, enabling ultra-narrow barriers and potential applications in quantum simulation and atomtronics.

Contribution

It introduces a novel sub-wavelength optical lattice based on nonlinear atomic responses, surpassing diffraction limits and enabling new quantum control possibilities.

Findings

Created a 1D lattice with barriers less than 10 nm wide.

Observed atom lifetimes up to 60 ms in the lattice.

Found good agreement between experimental results and theoretical models.

Abstract

We report on the experimental realization of a conservative optical lattice for cold atoms with sub-wavelength spatial structure. The potential is based on the nonlinear optical response of three-level atoms in laser-dressed dark states, which is not constrained by the diffraction limit of the light generating the potential. The lattice consists of a 1D array of ultra-narrow barriers with widths less than 10~nm, well below the wavelength of the lattice light, physically realizing a Kronig-Penney potential. We study the band structure and dissipation of this lattice, and find good agreement with theoretical predictions. The observed lifetimes of atoms trapped in the lattice are as long as 60 ms, nearly $10^5$ times the excited state lifetime, and could be further improved with more laser intensity. The potential is readily generalizable to higher dimension and different geometries, allowing, for example, nearly perfect box traps, narrow tunnel junctions for atomtronics applications, and dynamically generated lattices with sub-wavelength spacings.