Dynamics of Temporal Localized States in Passively Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers

TL;DR

This paper investigates the complex dynamics and stability of temporal localized states in passively mode-locked semiconductor lasers, revealing bifurcation structures, multi-pulse solutions, and the impact of dispersion through detailed modeling and analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive bifurcation analysis of localized states in mode-locked lasers using both delay differential equations and PDE models, highlighting new multi-pulse solutions and their stability.

Findings

Existence of multi-pulse (molecules) solutions.

Complex web of solution branches with bifurcations.

Group velocity dispersion significantly affects dynamics.

Abstract

We study the emergence and the stability of temporal localized structures in the output of a semiconductor laser passively mode-locked by a saturable absorber in the long cavity regime. For large yet realistic values of the linewidth enhancement factor, we disclose the existence of secondary dynamical instabilities where the pulses develop regular and subsequent irregular temporal oscil- lations. By a detailed bifurcation analysis we show that additional solution branches that consist in multi-pulse (molecules) solutions exist. We demonstrate that the various solution curves for the single and multi-peak pulses can splice and intersect each other via transcritical bifurcations, lead- ing to a complex web of solution. Our analysis is based upon a generic model of mode-locking that consists in a time-delayed dynamical system, but also upon a much more numerically efficient, yet approximate, partial differential equation. We compare the results of the bifurcation analysis of both models in order to assess up to which point the two approaches are equivalent. We conclude our analysis by the study of the influence of group velocity dispersion, that is only possible in the framework of the partial differential equation model, and we show that it may have a profound impact on the dynamics of the localized states.