Shape-dependent guidance of active Janus particles by chemically patterned surfaces

TL;DR

This study explores how elongated Janus particles move near chemically patterned surfaces, revealing new edge-following behaviors and bistability driven by chemi-osmotic flow interactions.

Contribution

It extends previous spherical particle models to elongated particles, uncovering novel edge-following steady states influenced by shape and surface chemistry patterns.

Findings

Elongated particles exhibit a stable edge-following motion along chemical steps.

Bistability between edge-following and docking states depending on system parameters.

Analytical theory captures the dynamics with quasi-quantitative accuracy.

Abstract

Self-phoretic Janus particles move by inducing -- via non-equilibrium chemical reactions occurring on their surfaces -- changes in the chemical composition of the solution in which they are immersed. This process leads to gradients in chemical composition along the surface of the particle, as well as along any nearby boundaries, including solid walls. Chemical gradients along a wall can give rise to chemi-osmosis, i.e., the gradients drive surface flows which, in turn, drive flow in the volume of the solution. This bulk flow couples back to the particle, and thus contributes to its self-motility. Since chemi-osmosis strongly depends on the molecular interactions between the diffusing molecular species and the wall, the response flow induced and experienced by a particle encodes information about any chemical patterning of the wall. Here, we extend previous studies on self-phoresis of a sphere near a chemically patterned wall to the case of particles with elongated shape. We focus our analysis on the new phenomenology potentially emerging from the coupling -- which is inoperative for a spherical shape -- of the elongated particle to the strain rate tensor of the chemi-osmotic flow. Via numerical calculations, we show that the dynamics of a rod-like particle exhibits a novel "edge-following" steady state: the particle translates along the edge of a chemical step at a steady distance from the step and with a steady orientation. Within a certain range of system parameters, the edge-following state co-exists with a "docking" state (the particle stops at the step, oriented perpendicular to the step edge), i.e., a bistable dynamics occurs. These findings are rationalized as a consequence of the competition between fluid vorticity and the rate of strain by using analytical theory based on the point-particle approximation which captures quasi-quantitatively the dynamics of the system.