Isolating and enhancing the emission of single erbium ions using a silicon nanophotonic cavity

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates a silicon nanophotonic cavity that enhances the emission of single erbium ions, enabling their optical detection and control, which is crucial for developing long-distance quantum networks.

Contribution

The study introduces a method to significantly increase the emission rate of single Er$^{3+}$ ions using a silicon nanophotonic cavity, facilitating their optical interface for quantum technologies.

Findings

Emission rate enhanced by over 300 times

First clear observation of fluorescence from single Er$^{3+}$ ions

Addressable ions with spin-coupled optical transitions

Abstract

The ability to distribute quantum entanglement over long distances is a vital ingredient for quantum technologies. Single atoms and atom-like defects in solids are ideal quantum light sources and quantum memories to store entanglement. However, a major obstacle to developing long-range quantum networks is the mismatch between typical atomic transition energies in the ultraviolet and visible spectrum, and the low-loss propagation band of optical fibers in the infrared, around 1.5 $\mu$m. A notable exception is the Er$^{3+}$ ion, whose 1.5 $\mu$m transition is exploited in fiber amplifiers that drive modern communications networks. However, an optical interface to single Er$^{3+}$ ions has not yet been achieved because of the low photon emission rate, less than 100 Hz, that results from the electric dipole-forbidden nature of this transition. Here, we demonstrate that the emission rate of single Er$^{3+}$ ions in a solid-state host can be enhanced by a factor of more than 300 using a small mode-volume, low-loss silicon nanophotonic cavity. This enhancement enables the fluorescence from single Er$^{3+}$ ions to be clearly observed for the first time. Tuning the excitation laser over a small frequency range allows dozens of distinct ions to be addressed, and the splitting of the lines in a magnetic field confirms that the optical transitions are coupled to the Er$^{3+}$ ions' spins. These results are a significant step towards long-distance quantum networks and deterministic quantum logic for photons, based on a scalable silicon nanophotonics architecture.