Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using a single artificial atom

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel EPR spectroscopy method using a superconducting flux qubit as a sensitive detector, achieving high spatial resolution and sensitivity suitable for single-spin detection at the nanometer scale.

Contribution

The work demonstrates a new EPR spectrometer utilizing a single artificial atom, significantly reducing the sensing volume while maintaining high sensitivity, enabling potential single-spin measurements.

Findings

Achieved sensitivity of ~400 spins/√Hz

Magnetic sensing volume around 50 femto-liters

Improved spatial resolution by two orders of magnitude

Abstract

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an important technology in physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology. Sensitive detection with a small sample volume is a key objective in these areas, because it is crucial, for example, for the readout of a highly packed spin based quantum memory or the detection of unlabeled metalloproteins in a single cell. In conventional EPR spectrometers, the energy transfer from the spins to the cavity at a Purcell enhanced rate plays an essential role and requires the spins to be resonant with the cavity, however the size of the cavity (limited by the wavelength) makes it difficult to improve the spatial resolution. Here, we demonstrate a novel EPR spectrometer using a single artificial atom as a sensitive detector of spin magnetization. The artificial atom, a superconducting flux qubit, provides advantages both in terms of its quantum properties and its much stronger coupling with magnetic fields. We have achieved a sensitivity of $\sim$400 spins/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ with a magnetic sensing volume around $10^{-14} \lambda^3$ (50 femto-liters). This corresponds to an improvement of two-order of magnitude in the magnetic sensing volume compared with the best cavity based spectrometers while maintaining a similar sensitivity as those spectrometers . Our artificial atom is suitable for scaling down and thus paves the way for measuring single spins on the nanometer scale.