Analytic topologically non-trivial solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional $U(1)$ gauged Skyrme model and extended duality

TL;DR

This paper presents the first analytic topologically non-trivial solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional $U(1)$ gauged Skyrme model, revealing duality properties and the Callan-Witten mechanism in finite volume configurations.

Contribution

It introduces novel analytic solutions of gauged Skyrmions and time-crystals, demonstrating electromagnetic duality and the topological charge contribution from electromagnetic fields.

Findings

Analytic gauged Skyrmion solutions in finite volume.

Extension of electromagnetic duality to these solutions.

Explicit demonstration of the Callan-Witten mechanism.

Abstract

We construct the first analytic examples of topologically non-trivial solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional $U(1)$ gauged Skyrme model within a finite box in (3+1)-dimensional flat space-time. There are two types of gauged solitons. The first type corresponds to gauged Skyrmions living within a finite volume. The second corresponds to gauged time-crystals (smooth solutions of the $U(1)$ gauged Skyrme model whose periodic time-dependence is protected by a winding number). The notion of electromagnetic duality can be extended for these two types of configurations in the sense that the electric and one of the magnetic components can be interchanged. These analytic solutions show very explicitly the Callan-Witten mechanism (according to which magnetic monopoles may "swallow" part of the topological charge of the Skyrmion) since the electromagnetic field contribute directly to the conserved topological charge of the gauged Skyrmions. As it happens in superconductors, the magnetic field is suppressed in the core of the gauged Skyrmions. On the other hand, the electric field is strongly suppresed in the core of gauged time crystals.