Elastomeric focusing enables application of hydraulic principles to solid materials in order to create micromechanical actuators with giant displacements

TL;DR

This paper introduces elastomeric focusing, a hydraulic-inspired technique that amplifies shape changes in solid materials, enabling fast, low-power microfluidic valves with large displacements and versatile control methods.

Contribution

The study demonstrates a novel elastomeric focusing mechanism that significantly enhances displacement in solid materials and applies it to create fast, durable, and wirelessly controllable microfluidic valves.

Findings

Achieved 10x displacement amplification in elastomeric sheets.

Created microfluidic valves opening/closing in under 100 ms.

Valves operate with less than 20 mW power and over 10,000 cycles.

Abstract

A continuing challenge in material science is how to create active materials in which shape changes or displacements can be generated electrically or thermally. Here we borrow principles from hydraulics, in particular that confined geometries can be used to focus expansion into large displacements, to create solid materials with amplified shape changes. Specifically, we confined an elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) sheet between two more rigid layers and caused focused expansion into embossed channels by local resistive heating, resulting in a 10x greater relative displacement than the unconfined geometry. We used this effect to create electrically controlled microfluidic valves that open and close in less than 100 ms, can cycle >10,000 times, and operate with as little as 20 mW of power. We investigate this mechanism and establish design rules by varying dimensions, configurations, and materials. We show the generality of elastomeric focusing by creating additional devices where local heating and expansion are generated either wirelessly through inductive coupling or optically with a laser, allowing arbitrary and dynamic positioning of a microfluidic valve along the channels.