Sparse game changers restore collective motion in panicked human crowds

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that strategic interventions by a few individuals can prevent and reverse crushes in human crowds by leveraging a phase transition in collective motion, enhancing safety in mass gatherings.

Contribution

It introduces a dynamic Vicsek model variant showing how a few 'game changers' can control crowd phase transitions, providing new strategies for crowd safety management.

Findings

Game changers placed at maximum local crowd speed regions are most effective.

The crush transition is a non-equilibrium first order phase transition.

Strategic placement of a few individuals can delay or reverse crowd crushes.

Abstract

Using a dynamic variant of the Vicsek model, we show that emergence of a crush from an orderly moving human crowd is a non-equilibrium first order phase transition. We also show that this transition can be reversed by modifying the dynamics of a few people, deemed as game changers. Surprisingly, the optimal placement of these game changers is found to be in regions of maximum local crowd speed. The presence of such game changers is effective owing to the discontinuous nature of the underlying phase transition. Thus our generic approach provides (i) strategies to delay crush formation and (ii) paths to recover from a crush, two aspects that are of paramount importance in maintaining safety of mass gatherings of people.