Effective second-order correlation function and single-photon detection

TL;DR

This paper introduces an effective second-order correlation function that accounts for vacuum contributions, providing more accurate bounds on single-photon purity and improving the assessment of single-photon sources.

Contribution

It proposes a new effective correlation function $ ilde g^{(2)}(0)$ that better estimates single-photon purity by considering vacuum effects, enhancing quantum-optical measurements.

Findings

$ ilde g^{(2)}(0)$ accounts for vacuum contributions in quantum states.

Provides bounds on the single-to-multi-photon projection ratio.

Suggests a measurement scheme for $ ilde g^{(2)}(0)$.

Abstract

Quantum-optical research on semiconductor single-photon sources puts special emphasis on the measurement of the second-order correlation function $g^{(2)}(\tau)$, arguing that $g^{(2)}(0)<1/2$ implies the source field represents a good single-photon light source. We analyze the gain of information from $g^{(2)}(0)$ with respect to single photons. Any quantum state, for which the second-order correlation function falls below $1/2$, has a nonzero projection on the single-photon Fock state. The amplitude $p$ of this projection is arbitrary, independent of $g^{(2)}(0)$. However, one can extract a lower bound on the single-to-multi-photon-projection ratio. A vacuum contribution in the quantum state of light artificially increases the value of $g^{(2)}(0)$, cloaking actual single-photon projection. Thus, we propose an effective second-order correlation function $\tilde g^{(2)}(0)$, which takes the influence of vacuum into account and also yields lower and upper bounds on $p$. We consider the single-photon purity as a standard figure-of merit in experiments, reinterpret it within our results and provide an effective version of that physical quantity. Besides comparing different experimental and theoretical results, we also provide a possible measurement scheme for determining $\tilde g^{(2)}(0)$.