The phenomenon of growing surface interference explains the rosette pattern of jaguar

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new model of pattern formation on growing surfaces, explaining complex animal coat patterns like rosettes and zebra stripes through a phenomenon called growing surface interference.

Contribution

It develops a novel reaction-transcription factor framework incorporating non-diffusing elements, advancing understanding of pattern formation on expanding biological surfaces.

Findings

Growing surface interference explains rosette patterns in felids.

The model accounts for pattern freezing during surface growth.

Pattern formation velocity influences final pattern stability.

Abstract

One possible mechanism to explain how animals got their coat patterns was proposed by Alan Turing. He assumed that two kinds of morphogens diffuse on a surface and interact with each other, generating a reaction-diffusion mechanism. We developed a new framework for pattern generation incorporating a non-diffusing transcription factor in the system. The diffusion factors (one inhibitor and one activator) acting on cell surface receptors modulate the activity of a transcription factor. The difference in the local concentration of diffusion factors is translated into the degree of activation of transcription factors. The speed of this process determines then pattern formation velocity, i.e. the elapsed time from an initial noisy situation to a final developed pattern. If the pattern formation velocity slows down compared to the growth of the surface, the phenomenon of "growing surface interference" occurs. We find that this phenomenon might explain the rosette pattern observed on different types of felids and the pale stripes found between the regular black stripes of zebras. We also investigate the dynamics between pattern formation velocity and growth and to what extent a pattern may freeze on growing domains.