Covariance structure behind breaking of ensemble equivalence in random graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the covariance structure underlying the breaking of ensemble equivalence in random graphs with fixed degree sequences, validating a recent conjecture and analyzing different regimes of graph density.

Contribution

It confirms a conjectured formula for relative entropy in random graphs, linking it to covariance determinants and degree distributions across regimes.

Findings

The formula accurately predicts relative entropy in dense regimes.

An extra correction term is needed in sparse and ultra-dense regimes.

Degrees follow a multivariate Poisson-Binomial distribution in the canonical ensemble.

Abstract

For a random graph subject to a topological constraint, the microcanonical ensemble requires the constraint to be met by every realisation of the graph (`hard constraint'), while the canonical ensemble requires the constraint to be met only on average (`soft constraint'). It is known that breaking of ensemble equivalence may occur when the size of the graph tends to infinity, signalled by a non-zero specific relative entropy of the two ensembles. In this paper we analyse a formula for the relative entropy of generic discrete random structures recently conjectured by Squartini and Garlaschelli. We consider the case of a random graph with a given degree sequence (configuration model), and show that in the dense regime this formula correctly predicts that the specific relative entropy is determined by the scaling of the determinant of the matrix of canonical covariances of the constraints. The formula also correctly predicts that an extra correction term is required in the sparse regime and in the ultra-dense regime. We further show that the different expressions correspond to the degrees in the canonical ensemble being asymptotically Gaussian in the dense regime and asymptotically Poisson in the sparse regime (the latter confirms what we found in earlier work), and the dual degrees in the canonical ensemble being asymptotically Poisson in the ultra-dense regime. In general, we show that the degrees follow a multivariate version of the Poisson-Binomial distribution in the canonical ensemble.