Energy harvesters for space

TL;DR

This paper reviews various energy harvesting technologies for space exploration, discussing their applications from large probes to small satellites and highlighting the importance of self-sustaining energy solutions beyond Earth orbit.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive summary of key factors influencing satellite energy needs and evaluates different energy harvesting devices used in space missions.

Findings

Energy harvesters are crucial for sustainable space exploration.

Devices vary in scale from large probes to small satellites.

Self-sustaining energy cycles are essential for long-term missions.

Abstract

Energy harvesting is the fundamental activity in almost all forms of space exploration known to humans. So far, in most cases, it is not feasible to bring, along with probe, spacecraft or rover suitable supply of fuel to cover all mission's energy needs. Some concepts of mining or other form of manufacturing of fuel on exploration site have been made, but they still base either on some facility that needs one mean of energy to generate fuel, perhaps of better quality, or needs some initial energy to be harvested to start a self sustaining cycle. Following paper summarizes key factors that determine satellite energy needs, and explains some either most widespread or most interesting examples of energy harvesting devices, present in Earth orbit as well as exploring Solar System and, very recently, beyond. Some of presented energy harvester are suitable for very large (in terms of size and functionality) probes, other fit and scale easily on satellites ranging from dozens of tons to few grams.