Stellar Wakes from Dark Matter Subhalos

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new method using stellar kinematic data to detect low-mass dark matter subhalos in the Milky Way by identifying characteristic stellar wakes, enabling sensitivity to subhalos around 10^7 solar masses.

Contribution

It develops an analytic formalism and simulation-based framework for detecting dark matter subhalos through their induced stellar phase-space perturbations, complementing existing detection techniques.

Findings

Method can detect subhalos down to ~10^7 solar masses.

Simulations demonstrate effective detection using phase-space modeling.

Allows localization of subhalo positions and velocities.

Abstract

We propose a novel method utilizing stellar kinematic data to detect low-mass substructure in the Milky Way's dark matter halo. By probing characteristic wakes that a passing dark matter subhalo leaves in the phase space distribution of ambient halo stars, we estimate sensitivities down to subhalo masses $\sim 10^7\,M_\odot$ or below. The detection of such subhalos would have implications for dark-matter and cosmological models that predict modifications to the halo-mass function at low halo masses. We develop an analytic formalism for describing the perturbed stellar phase-space distributions, and we demonstrate through simulations the ability to detect subhalos using the phase-space model and a likelihood framework. Our method complements existing methods for low-mass subhalo searches, such as searches for gaps in stellar streams, in that we can localize the positions and velocities of the subhalos today.