The richness of compact radio sources in NGC 6334D to F

TL;DR

This study systematically catalogs 83 compact radio sources in NGC 6334, revealing their properties, infrared counterparts, and variability, to better understand the physical nature of star-forming regions.

Contribution

First comprehensive census of compact radio sources in NGC 6334, including their characteristics and potential stellar nature, using high-resolution VLA data.

Findings

83 compact sources detected, most reported for the first time

27 sources confirmed as stellar via infrared emission

Three sources identified as highly variable and likely magnetically active stars

Abstract

The presence and properties of compact radio sources embedded in massive star-forming regions can reveal important physical properties about these regions and the processes occurring within them. The NGC 6334 complex, a massive star-forming region, has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, none of these studies has focused in its content in compact radio sources. We report on a systematic census of the compact radio sources toward NGC 6334, and their characteristics. This will be used to try and define their very nature. We use VLA C band (4-8 GHz) archive data with 0.36" of spatial resolution and noise level of 50 uJy/bm to carry out a systematic search for compact radio sources within NGC 6334. We also search for infrared counterparts to provide some constraints on the nature of the detected radio sources. A total of 83 compact sources and three slightly resolved sources were detected. Most of them are here reported for the first time. We found that 29 of these 86 sources have infrared counterparts and three are highly variable. Region D contains 18 of these sources. The compact source toward the center, in projection, of region E is also detected. From statistical analyses, we suggest that the 83 reported compact sources are real and most of them are related to NGC 6334 itself. A stellar nature for 27 of them is confirmed by their IR emission. Compared with Orion, region D suffers a deficit of compact radio sources. The infrared nebulosities around two of the slightly resolved sources are suggested to be warm dust, and we argue that the associated radio sources trace free-free emission from ionized material. We confirm the thermal radio emission of the compact source in region E. However, its detection at infrared wavelengths implies that it is located in the foreground of the molecular cloud. Three strongly variable sources are suggested to be magnetically active young stars.