Hierarchical sinuous phased array for increased mapping speed of multichroic focal planes

TL;DR

This paper introduces a hierarchical sinuous-antenna phased array design for multichroic CMB detectors, optimizing mapping speed across multiple frequencies while reducing detector count and space requirements.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel hierarchical phased array approach that adapts pixel size for each frequency, enhancing mapping speed and efficiency in multichroic focal planes.

Findings

Array factor compensates for beam non-idealities

Sinuous antenna can be undersized, saving focal-plane space

Prototype demonstrates consistent beam width across frequencies

Abstract

We present the design, fabrication and measured performance of a hierarchical sinuous-antenna phased array coupled to transition-edge-sensor (TES) bolometers for measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). To efficiently cover a broader range of frequencies, many CMB experiments have begun to deploy multichroic pixels. For a given cryogenic and optical design, the pixel size that optimizes the mapping speed is frequency-dependent and increases with wavelength. If a multichroic pixel is the same size at all frequencies, then the mapping speed will be optimal in at most one frequency band. To achieve optimal mapping speed at all frequencies, a pixel size that varies with frequency is needed. This can be accomplished by creating phased arrays from neighboring pixels, where the size of each phased array is chosen independently for each frequency band. As the array unit, we choose a lenslet-coupled sinuous antenna on account of its wide bandwidth, dual polarization and constant beam waist. We find that the array factor tends to compensate for beam non-idealities, so that the sinuous antenna can be substantially undersized relative to the single-element case; this frees up valuable focal-plane area for bolometers, bandpass filters, summing networks, readout circuitry, etc. An additional benefit of a hierarchical phased array is the reduced readout requirement: since the low frequencies are arrayed to increase their mapping speeds, the detector count scales approximately logarithmically with the number of frequency bands. Here we present measurements from a prototype device, in which hierarchical triangular arrays are used at 90, 150 and 220 GHz to keep the effective pixel size and, therefore, the beam width roughly constant across the entire frequency range.