On the prospects of cross-calibrating the Cherenkov Telescope Array with an airborne calibration platform

TL;DR

This paper explores using UAVs as airborne calibration platforms for the Cherenkov Telescope Array, demonstrating that UAV-based calibration can achieve 6-10% uncertainty and monitor atmospheric conditions for improved telescope calibration.

Contribution

It introduces a UAV-based calibration method for CTA, capable of multi-wavelength monitoring and atmospheric profiling, enhancing calibration accuracy and consistency.

Findings

Achieves 6-8% inter-calibration uncertainty for same-size telescopes.

Achieves 8-10% cross-calibration uncertainty across different telescope sizes.

Enables monitoring of atmospheric conditions and optical degradation over time.

Abstract

Recent advances in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology have made UAVs an attractive possibility as an airborne calibration platform for astronomical facilities. This is especially true for arrays of telescopes spread over a large area such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). In this paper, the feasibility of using UAVs to calibrate CTA is investigated. Assuming a UAV at 1 km altitude above CTA, operating on astronomically clear nights with stratified, low atmospheric dust content, appropriate thermal protection for the calibration light source and an onboard photodiode to monitor its absolute light intensity, inter-calibration of CTA's telescopes of the same size class is found to be achievable with a 6-8 % uncertainty. For cross-calibration of different telescope size classes, a systematic uncertainty of 8-10 % is found to be achievable. Importantly, equipping the UAV with a multi-wavelength calibration light source affords us the ability to monitor the wavelength-dependent degradation of CTA telescopes' optical system, allowing us to not only maintain this 6-10 % uncertainty after the first few years of telescope deployment, but also to accurately account for the effect of multi-wavelength degradation on the cross-calibration of CTA by other techniques, namely with images of air showers and local muons. A UAV-based system thus provides CTA with several independent and complementary methods of cross-calibrating the optical throughput of individual telescopes. Furthermore, housing environmental sensors on the UAV system allows us to not only minimise the systematic uncertainty associated with the atmospheric transmission of the calibration signal, it also allows us to map the dust content above CTA as well as monitor the temperature, humidity and pressure profiles of the first kilometre of atmosphere above CTA with each UAV flight.